Article 6 โ€“ Governance and Meritocracy

A Democratic system is achieved when every citizen has representation in the parliament, minority rights are protected, executive branch has an overwhelming support of the people, and judicial system is directly elected by the people, and completely independent from other branches of government, and has jurisdiction over them.

The purpose of governance and law is the collective well being of humans. The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Man. All governments and their institutions should be established with a technocratic approach.   Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives, and the right for nomination based on meritocracy, and governments shall regulate election campaigns to ensure equality in representation and exposure of candidates. 

A truly democratic system is realized when every citizen has meaningful representation in the legislative body, minority rights are effectively protected, and the executive branch enjoys broad, sustained support from the people. In such a system, the judiciary is directly elected by the people, fully independent from the other branches of government, and empowered with legal authority over them to ensure accountability and the rule of law. The purpose of governance and legal institutions is the collective well-being of humanity, and the primary aim of any political association is the protection and preservation of the natural, inherent, and inalienable rights of every person.

In our community of Livonia, Michigan, democratic governance means that every resident has a real voice in the institutions that shape daily life: City Council, School Boards, local boards and commissions, and neighborhood bodies. A healthy local democracy doesnโ€™t just count votes; it ensures that families, workers, renters, homeowners, immigrants, youth, seniors, and minority communities are genuinely represented in public decision-making. For Livonia, this means building systems where city leadership reflects the diversity of the people who live here, where the executive functions of local government are accountable to broad public support, and where our courts and legal processes are independent, transparent, and accessible to all.

All institutions of government should be organized on a technocratic and meritocratic basis, where knowledge, competence, and expertise guide decision-making. Every individual has the right to participate in the governance of their country, directly or through freely chosen representatives, and to seek public office on the basis of merit. To safeguard fairness and equal opportunity, governments must regulate electoral campaigns so that all candidates receive equitable access to representation, visibility, and public platforms, ensuring that political competition reflects ideas and qualifications rather than wealth, privilege, or entrenched power.

The purpose of governance in Livonia is the collective well-being of its residents: safe streets, fair policing, strong public schools, accessible parks and libraries, and an economy that allows people to live with dignity. Every board appointment, staff position, and public office should lean toward meritocracy and technocracyโ€”choosing people based on competence, integrity, and expertise, not on personal connections or partisan favoritism. Every Livonian has the right to take part in public life, whether by running for office, serving on commissions, or participating in open meetings. Local campaign rules and practices should move toward equalizing accessโ€”so that a teacher, nurse, or small business owner has a fair chance to be heard alongside well-funded interests. In applying Article 6 here at home, Livonia becomes not just a place we live, but a community we actively co-govern.

Article 5: Sexual Freedom

Article 5: Sexual Freedom – Everyone has the right of freedom of choice and expression in their sexual orientation, and the only limitation of law should be related to securing the consent of adults within the sexual relationship and preventing rationally considerable harm related to it to citizens and to society.

Article 5 is simple: the state should be a referee, not a roommate. Adults who give informed, voluntary consentโ€”and who arenโ€™t harming anyoneโ€”should be left alone by the law. Thatโ€™s not culture-war fireworks; thatโ€™s limited government with a backbone. If we defend freedom of worship, speech, and association from state micromanagement, we should be consistent and defend private, adult relationships that clear the same bar.

Consent here isnโ€™t a shrug; itโ€™s architecture. Adults only. Informed, voluntary, and capableโ€”no coercion, no grooming, no fraud, no power-play that makes โ€œyesโ€ meaningless. The other guardrail is preventing real, demonstrable harm: assault, exploitation, trafficking, blackmail, non-consensual images. Draw those lines bright, enforce them hard, and we protect what matters: the vulnerable, the integrity of commitments, and the peace of our homes.

This approach strengthens families and preserves religious freedom. Churches, synagogues, and mosques remain free to teach and blessโ€”or notโ€”according to conscience. The civil law stays humble: punish force and fraud, respect private adult choices. Thatโ€™s moral federalism, not moral relativismโ€”one civil standard for everyone, and many voluntary moral codes within our communities.

Scientific research has played a role in challenging earlier views that considered non-heteronormative orientations as pathological. Advances in psychology and understanding of sexual orientation have contributed to recognizing it as a natural and diverse aspect of human identity.  Professional organizations such as the American Psychological Association and the World Health Organization have depathologized homosexuality and emphasized the importance of respecting sexual orientation as a fundamental aspect of an individual’s identity. 

Treating homosexuality like a contagion misunderstands both science and kids. Decades of research in psychology and pediatrics show that sexual orientation isnโ€™t learned by exposure any more than left-handedness is picked up by sitting next to a southpaw; itโ€™s a stable trait shaped by a mix of biology and development, not by classroom mentions or a neighborโ€™s marriage. What children do absorb from adults is whether the world is safe, honest, and fair. A conservative society that prizes family strength and personal virtue should focus on shielding kids from real harmsโ€”coercion, exploitation, bullyingโ€”not from the existence of people who are simply different. Teaching respect doesnโ€™t โ€œturnโ€ anyone; it teaches our sons and daughters how to be decent. 

If we can agree that adults must be free, children must be safe, and predators must be stopped, then we already agree on the heart of Article 5. The rest belongs to families, faiths, and the quiet dignity of conscienceโ€”a Michigan kind of common sense that guards liberty without losing sight of responsibility.

Article 3 โ€“ Freedom of Expression and Assembly

Every human being has the right for freedom of expression without transgression on the rights of others. ย  Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.”

From the Universal Declaration of Human Values by Wissam Charafeddine

These freedoms have deep historical roots. From Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and Voltaire to the American and French revolutions, the right to express ideas and organize peacefully has been seen as essential to justice and social progress. After the horrors of World War II, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) formally recognized these rights as fundamental to global peace and human dignity. Thinkers like John Stuart Mill, Hannah Arendt, and Amartya Sen have all argued that expression and association are necessary for truth, civic engagement, and human development. Freedom of expression and peaceful assembly are the cornerstones of any society that seeks truth, justice, and progress. Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Values declares that every individual has the right to express themselves and to gather peacefully with othersโ€”so long as this expression does not infringe on the rights of others. But in todayโ€™s world, the boundaries of this right are increasingly contested.

We are witnessing a dangerous inflation in what is considered โ€œhate speech.โ€ While true hateโ€” such as antisemitism, islamophobia, or transphobia that has incited real-world violenceโ€”is sometimes tolerated in the halls of government and media, legitimate political speechโ€”such as saying Free Palestine which is a cry for liberation, justice, and the dignity of a displaced people – is often smeared, suppressed, or even criminalized. This distortion of the term โ€œharmโ€ threatens the very foundation of democratic discourse. We must recognize that the right to speak freely must outweigh the discomfort it may cause, especially when that discomfort comes from challenging injustice, power, or the political status quo.

It is critical to distinguish between criticizing ideas and demeaning people. Ideas are not people. Critiqueโ€”even ridiculeโ€”of ideologies, philosophies, or religions must remain protected speech. What should never be tolerated, however, is the dehumanization or violation of individualsโ€™ dignity based on who they are. I was able to publish my latest Arabic book, A Discussion โ€“ Universe from Void, which critiques classical arguments for the existence of God and proposes a new alternative arguments. It is a bold exploration of a sensitive subjectโ€”one that could not be published freely in many countries around the world. My ability to write it, and your ability to read it, are freedoms we must fiercely protect. Not just for ourselvesโ€”but for future generations who must be allowed to think, question, and speak without fear.

Speech should not be censored merely because it offends or challenges dominant power structures. While we must condemn real and substantial incitement to violence, we should err on the side of freedomโ€”not fear. The moment we begin outlawing words for making others โ€œuncomfortable,โ€ we open the door to authoritarianism cloaked in the language of safety. We should not mask “suppressed speech zones” as “safe zones”. Dialogue happens to remove discomfort by communicating perspectives. History, from Voltaire to Dr. King to Edward Said, teaches us that truth is often uncomfortable. And justice often begins with a voice that refuses to be silenced.  

ููŠ ุนูŠุฏ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏูƒ On Your Birthday

ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุงุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู„ู‚ุจ “ู…ูŽู„ููƒูŠ”

ุงุนุฌุจู†ูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู‚ุฑุงุฑูƒ ุชุฎุตูŠุต ู…ุจู„ุบ ุถุฎู… ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุถุจุงุท ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู†ูุชู‡ู… ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง ูˆุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†.

ูˆุงุนุฌุจู†ูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู‚ุฑุงุฑูƒ ููŠ ูขูง ูƒุงู†ูˆู† ุงูˆู„ ูกูฉูขูก ุจุชุนุฑูŠุจ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฏูˆุงูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุฑุฒุญ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฏุงุจ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ.

ูˆุงุนุฌุจู†ูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ูƒูŠู ุงู‚ู†ุนุช ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง ุจุญุฌุฉ ุชู‡ุฏุฆุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ (ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒู†ุช ุชู‚ูˆุฏู‡ุง ุณุฑูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุญุงู„) ุจุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงุชูุงู‚ ูŠุญุฏุฏ ุตู„ุงุญูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฏุงุจุŒ ู„ุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ ุทุฑูุงู‹ ุฑุณู…ูŠุงู‹ ููŠ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ.

ูˆุงุนุฌุจู†ูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุฎุถูˆุนูƒ ูƒู…ู„ูƒ ู„ู„ู…ุญุงุณุจุฉ ุจูˆุถุนูƒ ุฑุณุชู… ุญูŠุฏุฑ ุงู„ุจุนู„ุจูƒูŠ  ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงู†ูŠ ูˆุฒูŠุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุนุทุงุฆู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุตู„ุงุญูŠุงุช ู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ุฌู…ูŠุน ู…ุตุงุฑูŠู ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุงูŠุนุงุฒูƒ ุงูŠุงู‡ ู„ู…ุตุงุฏุฑุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุดุงุก ู…ู† ุงู…ู„ุงูƒูƒ ุญุชู‰ ูŠุนู„ู… ุงู„ุดุนุจ ุงู† ู„ุง ุงุญุฏ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†.

ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุฌู‡ุงุฏูƒ ูˆุชุถุญูŠุงุชูƒ ูˆุงู†ุฌุงุฒุงุชูƒ ู„ู„ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ โ€ฆ ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุงุญุจุจุช ุงู† ุงุฐูƒุฑ ุจุนุถุงู‹ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุนูŠุฏ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏูƒ.

ูˆุณุงู… ุดุฑู ุงู„ุฏูŠู†
ูขู  ุงูŠุงุฑ ูขู ูขูขู…

ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒ ููŠุตู„ ุจู† ุงู„ุดุฑูŠู ุญุณูŠู†
ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ูˆุฏ ููŠ 20 ุฃูŠุงุฑ ูกูจูจูฅู…

The only man I can call “My King”.

I greatly admired your decision to allocate a huge sum to return the Arab officers exiled by Britain, as well as the Arab prisoners in Greece.

I greatly admired your decision on December 27, 1921, to Arabize all government offices, even though they were still under British Mandate rule.

I greatly admired how you persuaded Britain, under the pretext of appeasing the national movement (which you were secretly leading anyway), to sign an agreement defining the mandate’s powers. This made Iraq an official entity vis-ร -vis the British government.

I greatly admired your accountability as king by appointing Rustum Haydar al-Baalbaki, a Lebanese, as Minister of Finance, giving him full powers to monitor all state expenditures, and by instructing him to confiscate whatever he wished of your property so that the people would know that no one is above the law.

All of these are small details compared to your struggle, sacrifices, and achievements for the Arab nation… but I wanted to mention some of them on your birthday.

Wissam Charafeddine
May 20, 2022

To King Faisal bin Sharif Hussein
born May 20, 1885

We will not vote for the “less bloody”

Translation:

When “The Lesser Evil” Becomes the Greatest Betrayal 

We will not vote for the “less bloody” killer.ย  By Wissam Charafeddine

If someone must die, let it be the “less harmful” optionโ€”this is how the logic of “the lesser evil” simplifies moral dilemmas in times of crisis. But what if all options are evil? What if this logic becomes a tool to normalize genocide and political corruption? 

One of the most famous philosophical examples of moral dilemmas is the “trolley problem”: a runaway train will kill five people unless its track is switched to another where one innocent worker will die. Is it morally permissible to sacrifice one to save five? 

This seemingly theoretical question finds itself at the heart of American politics, especially during election seasons, where voters are constantly asked to choose the “lesser evil” between two parties that support wars, turn their backs on international justice, and divide America with crises of poverty, discrimination, and racism. 

Do voters truly have a choice? Or are they merely automatons operating the train, left only to choose the victim? 

### Philosophy Enters the Voting Booth 

In a 2018 paper published in *The Philosophical Quarterly* titled *Justifications for the Lesser Evil: Why Are We Asked to Switch the Track?*, British philosopher Helen Frowe defends what she calls the “commitment thesis.” According to this thesis, those in positions of responsibility to save lives must intervene, even if it causes partial harm, provided it does not grossly violate another’s rights or impose unreasonable costs on the actor. 

However, Frowe carefully distinguishes between justifying harm and turning it into a permanent moral norm. The principle is meant for extreme rescue scenarios, not as a blanket excuse for systematic killing in the name of realism. 

Here lies the critical difference: in American politics, the “lesser evil” principle is used as a perpetual propaganda tool, not an exception. Voters are asked to support a party that backs wars, lest another partyโ€”which supports wars even more blatantlyโ€”comes to power. This political betrayal is dressed up in the colors of patriotism, fear, and political realism. 

Under Biden’s leadership, the Israeli war machine continues its operations in Gaza and Lebanon, despite reports from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch documenting the widespread use of excessive force against civilians. This has been acknowledged by genuine international organizations as one of the worst genocides in history. 

On the other hand, the Republican Party supports this genocide more loudly and brazenly, with heightened brutality, racism, and a sense of superiority, reveling in the blood of the vulnerable. They justify it under the guise of ideology, religion, and Israel’s right to defend itself. The result? Massacres are committed, and American tax dollars are funneled to arm the killers, while voters are forced to choose between two sides of the same bullet. 

The Green Party: The Excluded Moral Choice 

Amid this deadly dichotomy, the American Green Party emerges as the sole moral voice, systematically excluded from the electoral arena. The party is ethically committed to rejecting funding from major corporations. It calls for an end to all forms of occupation and genocide, advocates for the nationalization of healthcare and education, and strongly opposes all American foreign wars. It condemns the genocide in Gaza and the complicity of the U.S. administration. 

Yet, the media dismisses it as an unrealistic option, bars it from major debates, and denies it public fundingโ€”despite its eligibilityโ€”simply because it refuses to comply with the corrupt financial and military system controlling political life. 

### Abstention as Political Action 

In this reality, refusing to vote for the two major parties and instead voting for the Green Partyโ€”or abstainingโ€”is not withdrawal but a clear moral and political stance. Silence is complicity in murder, even if on a smaller scale. 

Conscientious objection does not mean isolation but a refusal to participate in the farce of false choices. If moral voices are excluded, it is not because they are weak but because they are dangerous to the systemโ€”they expose its flaws. 

### Do Not Normalize Genocide 

In the philosophy of “the lesser evil,” you may be asked to decide who dies. But in American politics, the real choice is not between one or five deaths but between being complicit in murder or a witness who refuses to participate in the crime. 

I will not choose a killer, no matter how “lesser” the evil. I will not drive the train of death, even if it is presented as the only solution. I will not submit.

It is time to wake up ุญุงู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู† ู†ุณุชูŠู‚ุธ

Israel has military and security agreements with 157 countries. It is a non-member ally to NATO, Latin MERCOSUR, & designated as “major strategic partner” to US, and has the full support of European Horizon 2020 program.

Israel has prepared the world to lead what it thought its final stage of Genocide.

What has happened and is happening is the dismantling of the concept of Zionism, empowering Jews everywhere to fight Zionism, Christian awakening against Christian Zionism, American student awakening against Empire and AIPAC, and the deterioration of Israeli society instead.

Nothing will go back to be the same after this.

In the mean while, Arabs are fragmented into dictator statelets with no national integrity or economic stability.

Arab people are being degenerated into the slums of religious dogma or shallow materialism with complete censorship on their will and expression.

Arabs live in 23 large open air prisons with colonial prison guards ensure they stay down.

While Zionist are making Israel stronger, Arabs are further sinking in their degeneration and weakness.

If you don’t see it, watch the Israeli soldiers in Gaza. They have been trying to show it to you in so many insulting ways to your honor and dignity.

It is time to wake up.

Join the Awaited Arab State project so we can stand up together:

https://linktr.ee/arabstate

ู„ุฏู‰ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ุงุชูุงู‚ูŠุงุช ุนุณูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุฃู…ู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุน 157 ุฏูˆู„ุฉ.  ูˆู‡ูŠ ุญู„ูŠู ุบูŠุฑ ุนุถูˆ ููŠ ุญู„ู ุดู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุทู„ุณูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ ู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุŒ ูˆุชู… ุชุตู†ูŠูู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง “ุดุฑูŠูƒ ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ” ู„ู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุชุญุธู‰ ุจุงู„ุฏุนู… ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุฃูู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠ 2020.

ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุนุฏุช ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู„ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏุช ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุจุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุฉ.

ุฅู† ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ูˆูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ ุชููƒูŠูƒ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุตู‡ูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุชู…ูƒูŠู† ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู…ุญุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุตู‡ูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุตุญูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุตู‡ูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุตุญูˆุฉ ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅู…ุจุฑุงุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุฃูŠุจุงูƒุŒ ูˆุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.

ู„ู† ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุดูŠุก ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุจุนุฏ ู‡ุฐุง.

ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุซู†ุงุกุŒ ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ููŠ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ู… ู…ู†ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏูˆูŠู„ุงุช ุฏูƒุชุงุชูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุจู„ุง ูˆุญุฏุฉ ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ.

ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงู†ุญุท ุงู„ุดุนุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชู†ู‚ุนุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆุบู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุญู„ุฉ ู…ุน ุฑู‚ุงุจุฉ ุจูˆู„ูˆุณูŠุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฑุงุฏุชู‡ ูˆุชุนุจูŠุฑู‡.

ุงู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ููŠ ูขูฃ ุณุฌู† ูƒุจูŠุฑ.

ูˆููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุตู‡ูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุชุฌุนู„ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ูŠูˆู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ูŠูˆู… ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฏุคูˆุจุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ูŠุบุฑู‚ูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ููŠ ุงู†ุญุทุงุทู‡ู… ูˆุถุนูู‡ู….

ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุบุฒุฉ.  ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูƒ ุจุดุชุง  ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ู‡ูŠู†ุฉ ู„ูƒุฑุงู…ุชูƒ ูˆุดุฑููƒ.

ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุงู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ุงู† ู†ุณุชูŠู‚ุธ.

ุงู†ุถู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุธุฑุฉ ู„ู†ุจุฏุง ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ.

https://linktr.ee/arabstate

ุฅุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ

ุงู„ุณูŠุฏุงุช ูˆุงู„ุณุงุฏุฉ … ู†ุฑุญู‘ุจ ุจูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฏู‰ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠ ููŠ ุฏูŠุฑุจูˆุฑู†ุŒ ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ู„ู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆุงู„ูู†ูˆู† .. ูˆู†ุฌุชู…ุน ููŠ ูŠูˆู…ู ุนุงุจุฆู ุจุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุช ู„ู†ุงุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู„ ุนุฑุจูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ:

ูุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู†ุญุชูู„ ุจุชุฃุณูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ู„ู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆุงู„ูู†ูˆู† ููŠ ุณู†ุชู‡ ุงู„ุณุงุฏุณุฉุŒ 

ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู†ุญุชูู„ ุจุงู„ุฐูƒุฑู‰ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ุชุฃุณูŠุณ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู„ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุนุงู… ูกูฉูกูฆู… ุฃูˆ ุฑุณู…ูŠุงู‹ ุญุณุจ ุชุฃุฑูŠุฎ ู…ูŠุฎุงุฆูŠู„ ู†ุนูŠู…ุฉ ุนุงู… ูกูฉูขู ู…ุŒ 

ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู†ุญุชูู„ ุจู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ ู†ุดุฑ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ู„ุฌุจุฑุงู† ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุฌุจุฑุงู† … ุฃุญุฏ ุฃู‡ู… ุฅุตุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑุงู‹ ูˆุงุดุชู‡ุงุฑุงู‹ ูˆู…ุจูŠุนุงู‹ ูˆุชุฑุฌู…ุฉู‹ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ 

ูˆู†ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุดู‡ุฑ ู†ูŠุณุงู† ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุนู„ู† ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุจุงูŠุฏู† ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃูˆู„ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ูŠุนู„ู† ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุฃู† ุดู‡ุฑ ู†ูŠุณุงู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุชุฑุงุซ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ู„ุชูƒุฑูŠู… ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ู„ู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒ ูˆูˆูู‚ ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ูˆุฒุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠุฉ: ” ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนุฒุฒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฃุตู„ ุนุฑุจูŠ ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุจู„ูˆู…ุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ูˆุงู„ูู†ูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูˆู† ููŠ ุทู„ูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ. ู†ุญูŠูŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุชุฑุงุซ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุงุญุชูุงู„ ุจุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุงุซ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชู…ุชุน ุจู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูˆู† ูˆุชูƒุฑูŠู… ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุงุชู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒ ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ูˆุฒุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุจูƒู„ ูุฎุฑ. “

ูˆุนุจู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุจุงูŠุฏู† ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุถู…ู† ุฎุทุงุจ ุทูˆูŠู„: “ุจุงูŠุฏู†: ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุตุฉ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง- ู‚ุตุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ููŠุงุช ูˆุฃุฏูŠุงู† ู…ุชู†ูˆุนุฉุŒ ูˆุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ู†ุงุจุถุฉ ุจุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ ูˆุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ุฌุฑูŠุกุŒ ูˆุนู…ู„ ุฌุงุฏ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุฒุงู… ุจุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ ูˆุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุชุญุฏ ู„ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ ุดูŠุก ุฃุนุธู… ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ุง”.

ุฃูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุฎูˆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎูˆุงุชุŒ

ุฃุนุฐุฑูˆู†ูŠ ุจุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุณูˆู ุฃุชุฑูƒ ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุงุญุชูุงู„ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ูˆุงู†ุฌุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงู† ูˆู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุงุชู‡ู… ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ูˆู†ุฌุงุญู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ุชุนู†ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุชุนุฏุฏูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุจุงุฏุฑุฉ ู„ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ูˆุชู„ุงู‚ุญ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุงุช ูˆุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุงุชุŒ ูˆุฃุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู‡ู…ูŠุชู‡ ูˆุฃุคู…ู† ุจุฎุทุฑู‡.

ุฅู† ุญุถุงุฑุชูŽู†ุง ุญุถุงุฑุฉูŒ ุงู…ุชุฏุช ู…ู† ุนู…ู‚ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎุŒ ูˆุณุงู‡ู…ุช ููŠ ุชู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู…ุงู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฏูŠุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูŠุงุกุŒ ูˆุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุกุŒ ุณุงู‡ู…ุช ุจุชุฃุณูŠุณ ุฌู„ูู‘ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑูุŒ ูˆุฅู†ุดุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ ูˆุญูƒู…ุช ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุดุฑู‚ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบุฑุจู‡ุŒ ูุงู†ุชุนุดุช ููŠ ุญูƒู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ูŠุงุชุŒ ูˆุนุงุด ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ููŠ ุธู„ู‡ุง ุจุฑุฎุงุก ูˆุฃู…ุงู†ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุชูƒุงู„ุจุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู…ู…ุŒ ุซู… ุฃุณุงุกุช ุชู†ุธูŠู…ู‡ุง ูˆุงุณุชุจุฏุช ุจุญูƒู…ู‡ุงุŒ ูุณู‚ุทุช ุฅุซุฑ ุชุฑุงูƒู… ุงู„ุฃุฒู…ุงุชุŒ ูˆุชุถุงุนู ุงู„ุถุฑุจุงุชุŒ ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุตุฏุช ุงู„ู…ุบูˆู„ ุดุฑู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุนูŠู† ุฌุงู„ูˆุชุŒ ูˆู‚ุงุชู„ุช ุซู…ุงู†ูŠ ุญู…ู„ุงุช ุตู„ูŠุจูŠุฉุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ุง ุฏุฎู„ุช ููŠ ุฃุณุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุนุซู…ุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฑุฌุนู‡ุง ู„ู„ูˆุฑุงุกุŒ ููŠ ุนุตุฑ ูŠุณู…ู‘ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจุนุตุฑ ุงู„ู†ูƒุณุฉุŒ ุฎุฑุฌุช ู…ู†ู‡ ุถุนูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณุฏุŒ ู…ุชุฃุฎุฑุฉ ุงู„ููƒุฑุŒ ูู‚ุงู…ุช ุจุซูˆุฑุฉ ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุถุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆู…ุนู‡ุง ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุชุฌู„ู‘ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ูˆุซูˆุฑุฉ ุณุนุฏ ุฒุบู„ูˆู„ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ู…ุง.

ูˆู„ูƒู† ุณุฑุนุงู† ู…ุง ุงู†ู‚ุถู‘ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ู„ูŠุทูุฃ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ู„ู…ุนุงู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆูŠูƒุจุญ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูŠู‚ุธุฉ ููŠ ู†ุนูˆู…ุฉ ุฃุธุงูุฑู‡ุงุŒ ูุชู‚ุงุณู…ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ูˆูุชุชุชู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏูˆูŠู„ุงุช ุถุนูŠูุฉุŒ ูˆุญูู‘ุฒุช ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุงุฆููŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุฎุฑุฌ ุตูˆุช ู„ูŠู†ุงุฏูŠ ุจูŠู‚ุฐุชู‡ุง ูˆุตุญูˆุชู‡ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุตูŠุฑู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ููŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑุŒ ุซู… ุฒูุฑุนุช ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ููŠ ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู„ุชุฃุจูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตุฑุงุน ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุงู†ุชุฒุงุน ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง.

ูˆูˆู‚ูุช ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒุง ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุงู‹ ู…ูˆู‚ููŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ … ู…ูˆู‚ู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฑู…ุฒ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ูˆูˆุฏุฑูˆ ูˆูŠู„ุณู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุจู‰ ุฃู† ูŠุญูƒู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฅู„ุง ู…ู† ูŠุฑุถูˆู† ุจุญูƒู…ู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ูˆู‚ู ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฑู…ุฒ ู„ู‡ ุฃุบู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑุคุณุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฌุงุคูˆุง ู…ู† ุจุนุฏ ูˆูŠู„ุณู†ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆู‚ู ุงู„ู…ูŠูˆู„ ุงู„ุตุฑูŠุญ ูˆุงู„ูุงุถุญ ู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ูˆุถุฏ ุฃูŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุนุฑุจูŠ ู†ู‡ุถูˆูŠ ูˆุงุฒุฏูˆุงุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏุŒ ูุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุฑู‘ุณุชู‡ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุงุฏูุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ู…ุน ูุดู„ ุฒุญุฒุญุชู‡ุง ุนู† ุชูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุชุญูŠู‘ุฒ ู…ูˆุฌุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉุŒ  ุฃูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุณูŠุฏุงุช ูˆุงู„ุณุงุฏุฉ … ุฃูˆุฏุช ุจู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง … ู†ุนู… ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู†ุฌู„ุณ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….

ู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง ุจุณุจุจ ุชุฑุงูƒู… ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุŒ ู„ุง ุจุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑู†ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุจู‚ุฑุงุฑู†ุงุŒ ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุนู„ู…ู†ุง.

ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูˆู„ุงุฏูู†ุง ู„ุง ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุฅู„ุง ุฐูŠู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุฅู„ุง ุฑุบูˆุชูŽู‡ ุงู„ุทุงุฆููŽุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุงุทุฆู‡.

ูˆุจู‡ู… ุงุฎุชูุฒู„ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซู ูˆุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ … ูู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุนู† ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง ุฅู„ุง ู†ูŽุฏุฑุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุนู† ุชุฑุงุซู†ุง ุฅู„ุง ู…ูŽุฏุฑุงู‹ุŒ  ู…ุน ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑู‚ุตุงุช ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ูˆุฌุจุงุช ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุทุงุฑูŠุฒ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏุจูƒุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฒุฌูŠุฉ. ู†ุนู…… ู„ู‚ุฏ ุดู‚ูŠู†ุง ู„ู†ุฑุจูŠ ุฃูˆู„ุงุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุชุฑุจ ุฃู‡ู†ุฃ ุชุฑุจูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู†ุดุฃู†ุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃุญุณู† ุฌุงู…ุนุงุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฃุนุฏุฏู†ุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏู‡ุงุŒ ูู„ู…ุง ุชู…ุฎู‘ุถ ุงู„ุฌุจู„ุŒ ุฃูˆู„ุฏ ูุฃุฑุงู‹ … ูŠู‚ุฏู… ุญุถุงุฑุชู‡ ุจุตุญู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุต ูˆุฏุดุฏุงุดุฉ ูˆู‡ุฒุฉ ู„ุฎูˆุงุตุฑู‡.

ุฃูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ .. ุฃู†ุช ุนุฑุจูŠ ูˆุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ… 

ุฃู†ุช ูƒุนุฑุจูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ุฉ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุณุณุช ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุญุถู†ุงู‹ ุฏุงูุฆุงู‹ ู„ูƒ ูˆู…ู„ุงุฐุงู‹ ู†ุงุฌุนุงู‹ ู„ู‡ูˆูŠุชูƒุŒ ูุนู„ูŠูƒ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุŒ ู‚ูŠู… ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุจู†ุฌุงู…ูŠู† ูุฑุงู†ูƒู„ูŠู†ุŒ ู…ุนุฑู‘ู ุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุจูˆุตูู‡ุง ุชุฒุงูˆุฌู‹ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ูˆุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุฐุงุชูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูƒู…ุŒ ูˆู…ุนุงุฑุถุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุทูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุณุงู…ุญุฉ ู„ู„ุชู†ูˆูŠุฑ …

ูƒู…ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุฅูŠุตุงู„ ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุฏ ุฌู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูุบุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุนุจุฏู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุจุทุฑุณ ุงู„ุจุณุชุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆูŠุชู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠ ู„ุฑูˆุญู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุนู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ุญู†ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎูˆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนุทุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชูุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ูˆุถูˆุญ ูˆุงู„ุดุฌุงุนุฉ ุงู„ููƒุฑูŠุฉ.

ุฃู†ุช ูƒุนุฑุจูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู‚ูŠู… ุฌูˆู† ุขุฏู…ุฒ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณ ู„ู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฃู„ูƒุณู†ุฏุฑ ู‡ุงู…ูŠู„ุชูˆู†ุŒุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุณุณ ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ูˆูƒุชุจ ุฃู‡ู… ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ูˆุจู†ุงุก ุฌูŠุด ูˆุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ู‚ูˆูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุญุฑ. ูˆุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู‚ูŠู… ุชูˆู…ุงุณ ุฌูุฑุณูˆู† ุงู„ุซุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงุชู„ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.

ูƒู…ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุฅูŠุตุงู„ ููƒุฑ ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุจุฏุงุฏ ู„ู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจูŠ ูˆููƒุฑ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุฌู…ุชุน ู„ู…ุงู„ูƒ ุจู† ู†ุจูŠ ูˆููƒุฑ ุชู„ุงุฒู… ุงู„ุฌู…ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุญุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุตุทูู‰ ุงู„ุนู‚ุงุฏ ูˆููƒุฑ ุงู†ุฏู…ุงุฌ ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุงุช ู„ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฃุฑูƒูˆู†.

ูˆุฃู†ุช ูƒุนุฑุจูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู‚ูŠู… ู…ุงุฑุชู† ู„ูˆุซุฑ ูƒู†ุฌ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุณูƒูˆุช ุนู† ุงู„ุธู„ู… ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู‡ูˆ ุฏุนู… ู„ู„ุธู„ู… ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุฅูŠุตุงู„ ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุนู„ูŠ ุจู† ุฃุจูŠ ุทุงู„ุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู„: ” ู…ูŽู† ู‚ุตู‘ุฑ ุนู† ุฃุญูƒุงู… ุงู„ุญุฑู‘ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃุนูŠุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูู‘ู‚” ูˆุนู…ุฑ ุจู† ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจ ู‚ุงุฆู„ุงู‹: “ู…ุชู‰ ุงุณุชุนุจุฏุชู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูˆู„ุฏุชู‡ู… ุฃู…ู‡ุงุชู‡ู… ุฃุญุฑุงุฑุง”  ูˆู‚ูˆู„ ุฌุจุฑุงู†: “ุงู„ุนุตููˆุฑ ู„ุง ูŠุจู†ูŠ ุนุดุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูุต ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฑุซ ุงุจู†ู‡ ุงู„ุนุจูˆุฏูŠุฉ”.

ุฃู†ุช ูƒุนุฑุจูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุจุงุฑูŠุณ ุนุงู… ูกูฉู ูง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุณุณูˆุง ุงู„ุฌู…ุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุชุงุฉ ู„ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ู†ู‡ุถุฉ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ุชุฒุงุน ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุดุนูˆุจู‡ู….

ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุชุฑุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุณุณูˆุง ู„ู„ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ููŠ ุจุงุฑูŠุณ ุนุงู… ูกูฉูกูฃ ู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ู„ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุฒู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูƒุณุฉ.

ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุนุงู… ูกูฉูกูฆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุณุณูˆุง ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุตุฏุฑูˆุง ุนุฏุฉ ุฌุฑุงุฆุฏ ูˆ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ูˆู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู„ุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌุณุฑุงู‹ ุซู‚ุงููŠุงู‹ ู‡ุฒุช ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ูˆุดุงุฑูƒุช ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุนู‚ู„ู‡.

ูˆุฅู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ  ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุณุงูŠูƒุณ ุจูŠูƒูˆุŒ ูˆู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุตู‡ูŠูˆู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชุจุฏุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุฏุนู… ุงู„ู†ู‡ุถุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฌ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุŒ ูˆู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฅุตู„ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ.

ุฅู† ุญุฌู… ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุฉ ู„ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู†ุตู ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุฏูˆู„ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠุงุŒ ูˆุญุฌู… ุฅู†ูุงู‚ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุชู†ูู‚ู‡ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฎู„ู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู‚ูˆุฏู‡ ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุฃุบู„ุจู‡ุง ูุงุณุฏุฉ ูˆู…ุชุฑู‡ู„ุฉ ูˆู…ุณุชุจุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุญูƒู…ุŒ ุชุนุชุจุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑุงู‹ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุงู‹ ู…ู†ุงุณุจุงู‹ ู„ู…ุตู„ุญุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูŠ ุชุญุงูุธ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูˆุชู…ู†ุน ุฒุนุฒุนุชู‡ุŒ ูุฃูŠู† ุฏูˆุฑูƒ ุฃู†ุชุŸ

ุฅู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุฏูˆุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ู‡ุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง … ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ุฌูˆุก ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ููŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ุฌุฑุฉ. ูˆุฃู†ุช ูƒุนุฑุจูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ูˆู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญ ุฑูŠุซู…ุง ุชูู†ู‡ุจ ุฏูŠุงุฑููƒ ูˆุซุฑูˆุงุชููƒ ูˆุฃุฑุถูƒ ูˆู…ูŠุฑุงุซ ุฃุฌุฏุงุฏูƒ ูˆุชูู…ุญู‰ ู„ุบุชูƒ ุญุฑูุงู‹ ุญุฑูุงู‹ ูˆุชู‡ุฌู‘ู† ุซู‚ุงูุชูƒ ุฑูˆูŠุฏุงู‹ ุฑูˆูŠุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุช ุชุธู† ุฃู†ู‘ูƒ ุงู†ุชุตุฑุช ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุทุจูŠุจุงู‹ ุฃูˆ ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณุงู‹ ู…ุณู„ูˆุฎุงู‹ ู…ู† ุซู‚ุงูุชูƒุŒ ู…ู‚ุทูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฃุตู„ูƒุŒ ู…ู…ุญูŠู‘ุงู‹ ู…ู† ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ. 

ุฅู† ุฅุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ  ุงู„ุฏูุงุน ุนู† ู‡ูˆูŠุชูƒ ูˆุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูˆุฑ ู…ุน ูˆุทู†ูƒุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฏูุงุน ุนู† ุงู„ุฏุณุชูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุตูู‡ุง ูˆุฃุณุณู‡ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ููƒุฑูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชุถุนููŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุชู†ูˆุฑูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุซุงุฆุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูˆู† ู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ู…ู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู†ุญุฑุงู ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ู„ูƒ ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุญุงุณุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ูˆุชุตุญูŠุญ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฑุฉ ุชู„ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠุŒ ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ุง ุจุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุดุนุจูŠุฉุŒ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ู„ู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุฑูŠุงุฏุชู‡ุง.

ูุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅุญูŠุงุก ู„ู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุฅุญูŠุงุก ู„ู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ููŠู†ุง … ุซูˆุฑุฉ ููŠุตู„ ุจู† ุงู„ุญุณูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุฑุณุชู… ุญูŠุฏุฑ ูˆุณุนุฏ ุฒุบู„ูˆู„ ูˆุฃุญู…ุฏ ุนุฑุงุจูŠุŒ ูˆุฅุญูŠุงุก ู„ู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ูˆุชุตุญูŠุญ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ู„ู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุฃูŠ ู…ูŠูˆู„ ุฃูˆ ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุนู† ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูˆู‚ูˆู ู…ุน ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุถุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฑุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุทู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูˆู‚ูˆู ู…ุน ุงู„ููƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ููƒุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุฎู†ุฏู‚ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงูุนูŠู† ุนู† ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุชูˆู…ุณ ุจุงูŠู† ูˆ ุงุจุฑุงู‡ุงู… ู„ู†ูƒู† ูˆู…ุงุฑุชู† ู„ูˆุซุฑ ูˆู†ุงุนูˆู… ุชุดูˆู…ุณูƒูŠ ูˆุณูˆุณุงู† ุฌุงูƒูˆุจูŠ ูˆุฅุฏูˆุงุฑุฏ ุณู†ูˆุฏู†…

ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุฃุชุฑูƒูƒู… ู…ุน ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ุน ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ู„ู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆุงู„ูู†ูˆู†ุŒ ุณุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุณููŠุฑ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุนู„ูŠ ุนุฌู…ูŠ ู…ุชุญุฏุซุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ ุฐูƒุฑู‰ ุชุฃุณูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ.

ู…ุน ู†ุงุฆุจ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ู„ู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆุงู„ูู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุนู…ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู†ุจูŠู„ ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุจุŒ ุนู…ูŠุฏ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุขุฏุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุชุญุฏุซุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉุจุงู„ู„ุบุชูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ.

ูŠุดุฑูู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒู… ุฃุญุฏ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู…ุชุฎุตุตูŠู† ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูˆุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ูŠุดูŠุฌุงู† ููŠ ุฏูŠุฑุจูˆุฑู† … ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู‡ุงู†ูŠ ุจุงูˆุฑุฏูŠ ู…ุชุญุฏุซุงู‹ ุนู† ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุฃุณูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ูˆุชู…ูŠุฑ ุดุนุฑู‡ู… ูˆุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุงุชู‡ู….

ู…ุน ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ูŠุดูŠุฌุงู† ููŠ ุฏูŠุฑุจูˆุฑู† ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ูˆุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุชุญุฏุซุงู‹ ุนู† ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ู„ุฌุจุฑุงู† ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุฌุจุฑุงู†

ุฃุดูƒุฑูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุญุถูˆุฑูƒู… ูˆุฃู†ูˆู‘ู‡ ุจุฑุนุงุฉ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…: 

Elite Sports ู„ุตุงุญุจู‡ ุฃุญู…ุฏ ู…ูƒูŠ

ูˆ iCode Canton ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ูˆุงู„ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ูู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠ

ุฃุฏุนูˆูƒู… ู„ู„ุงู†ุถู…ุงู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ูƒุฃุนุถุงุก ูุงุนู„ูŠู† ููŠู‡ ูˆุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู… ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‚ุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…

Robert de Caix

One of the most important players in designing the Arab World like we know it today, and doesnโ€™t have even a Wikipedia English page.

Eldest son of the historian and archaeologist Amรฉdรฉe de Caix de Saint-Aymour, bearing the courtesy title of Viscount, he spent his childhood in the family estate of the Chรขteau d’Ognon. He studied at the Free School of Political Science on rue Saint-Guillaume in Paris.

Was influenced by 1870 French defeat, and became a journalist specializing in Asia, then joined several colonial organizations, He is one of the historical personalities who participated in the birth of the French mandate in Syria and the French mandate in Lebanon in the 1920s. An eminent member of the colonial party, he made it evolve: at first essentially “African”, during the time of Eugรจne ร‰tienne’s magisterium, it became more clearly “Asian” or “Syrian”. A fierce defender of France’s mandate in Syria, he was chosen to become the civilian collaborator of General Gouraud, the new High Commissioner in Syria and Lebanon in 1919. Before being appointed Secretary General of the High Commission in Beirut, he had been instructed by Clemenceau to deal with Middle Eastern issues with the Emir Faisal (head of the Arab government in Damascus) to counter British agenda.

He worked hard against Wilsonian principles and fought against the establishment of Arab State. Luck worked in his path after Wilsonโ€™s stroke and Clemenceauโ€™s defeat in the elections (mostly because he was a public atheist while his opponent was a devout Catholic).

He issued the Syrian Question and later the Manifesto on Syria, in which he undermined The Arab Army by calling it โ€œSharifianโ€ army, and converting the image to be Muslims vs. Christians. He said: โ€œthe very existence of a United Syria under Sharifian rule would constitute for us an obstacle and a danger. It will strengthen the kind of nationalist movements that the Wilsonian declarations have inspired across the worldโ€.

He called the Arab Parliament in Demarcus an โ€œabsurdity in a society deprived of political or civic educationโ€.

ุฃุญุฏ ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ุงุนุจูŠู† ููŠ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุญุชู‰ ุตูุญุฉ ูˆูŠูƒูŠุจูŠุฏูŠุง ุจุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ.

ุงู„ุงุจู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุคุฑุฎ ูˆุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ Amรฉdรฉe de Caix de Saint-Aymour ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญู…ู„ ู„ู‚ุจ Viscount ุŒ ู‚ุถู‰ ุทููˆู„ุชู‡ ููŠ ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ููŠ Chรขteau d’Ognon. ุฏุฑุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ุดุงุฑุน ุณุงู† ุบูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุจุงุฑูŠุณ.

ุชุฃุซุฑ ุจุงู„ู‡ุฒูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ ุนุงู… 1870 ุŒ ูˆุฃุตุจุญ ุตุญููŠู‹ุง ู…ุชุฎุตุตู‹ุง ููŠ ุขุณูŠุง ุŒ ุซู… ุงู„ุชุญู‚ ุจุนุฏุฉ ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุดุงุฑูƒุช ููŠ ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฏุงุจ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุชุฏุงุจ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ููŠ ุนุดุฑูŠู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ. ูƒุนุถูˆ ุจุงุฑุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฒุจ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑูŠ ุŒ ุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุชุทูˆุฑ: ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ “ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ” ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุŒ ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุฃูˆุฌูŠู† ุฅุชูŠุงู† ุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุถูˆุญู‹ุง “ุขุณูŠูˆูŠู‹ุง” ุฃูˆ “ุณูˆุฑูŠู‹ุง”. ู…ุฏุงูุน ุดุฑุณ ุนู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฏุงุจ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ุŒ ุชู… ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑู‡ ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุบูˆุฑูˆ ุŒ ุงู„ู…ููˆุถ ุงู„ุณุงู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ูˆู„ุจู†ุงู† ููŠ ุนุงู… 1919. ู‚ุจู„ ุชุนูŠูŠู†ู‡ ุฃู…ูŠู†ู‹ุง ุนุงู…ู‹ุง ู„ู„ู…ููˆุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ููŠ ุจูŠุฑูˆุช ุŒ ุชู„ู‚ู‰ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุช ู…ู† ูƒู„ูŠู…ู†ุตูˆ ู„ู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑ ููŠุตู„ (ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฏู…ุดู‚) ู„ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ.

ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนู…ู„ ุจุฌุฏ ุถุฏ ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ูˆูŠู„ุณูˆู† ูˆุญุงุฑุจ ุฅู‚ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ. ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุญุธ ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฌู„ุทุฉ ูˆูŠู„ุณูˆู† ูˆู‡ุฒูŠู…ุฉ ูƒู„ูŠู…ู†ุตูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช (ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ู„ุญุฏู‹ุง ุนู„ู†ุงู‹ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฎุตู…ู‡ ูƒุงุซูˆู„ูŠูƒูŠู‹ุง ู…ุชุฏูŠู†ู‹ุง).

ุฃุตุฏุฑ “ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠ” ุซู… “ุงู„ุจูŠุงู† ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุณูˆุฑูŠุง” ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุถุนู ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุฌูŠุด ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ ุจุงู„ุฌูŠุด “ุงู„ุดุฑูŠููŠ” ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุดุฑูŠู ุญุณูŠู† ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ู…ุณูŠุญูŠูŠู†. ู‚ุงู„: “ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุธู„ ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุดุฑูŠููŠ ุณูŠุดูƒู„ ู„ู†ุง ุนู‚ุจุฉ ูˆุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ. ูˆุณูˆู ูŠู‚ูˆูŠ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู„ู‡ู…ุชู‡ุง ุชุตุฑูŠุญุงุช ูˆูŠู„ุณูˆู† ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… “.

ูˆูˆุตู ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุฏู…ุดู‚ ุจุฃู†ู‡ “ุนุจุซูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู…ุญุฑูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉ”.

ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ูˆุฃุญูุงุฏู‡

ุจุญุซุช ุนู† ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ูˆุฃุญูุงุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑุŒ ูุฃุญุตูŠุช ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ:

ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ูˆุฃุญูุงุฏู‡

1521: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุฑูƒ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุฎู„ูŠุฌ
1602: ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑุงู†ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠ
1608: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ุฑู…ุฒ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠูŠู†
1619: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ู‚ุฑูŠุงุช ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุณุงุญู„ ุนู…ุงู†
1624: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู…ุงู… ู†ุงุตุฑ ุจู† ู…ุฑุดุฏ ุงู„ูŠุนุฑุจูŠ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠูŠู†
1830: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงุญู…ุฏ ุจุงูŠ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
1832: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
1845: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงูˆู„ุงุฏ ุณูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
1854: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ูุงุทู…ุฉ ู†ุณูˆู…ุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
1864: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฑุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุญุฏุงุฏ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
1871: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุณู†ุทูŠู†ูŠ ู‚ุงุฏู‡ุง ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงุฆุฑูŠู† ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุจู† ููŠุงู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญุณูŠู† ุจู† ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ู‚ุจ ุจู€ู…ูˆู„ุงูŠ ุงู„ุดู‚ูุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฌูŠุฌู„
1881: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุจูˆุนู…ุงู…ุฉุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฌู‡ุงุฏ ุชุฒุนู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุจูˆุนู…ุงู…ุฉ ู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ู„ู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุช ู…ู† 1881 ุญุชู‰ 1908.
1881: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุงุจูŠุฉ 1881ู… ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ
1903: ู…ูˆุฑูŠุชุงู†ูŠุง ุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ
1911: ู‚ุชุงู„ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ู„ูŠุจูŠุง
1915: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฏูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุทุฑูˆุญ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ (ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุงุฏูŠ ู…ุงุฌุฏ)
1916: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ 1916ู… ุจู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠู ููŠุตู„ ุจู† ุงู„ุญุณูŠู†
1919: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 1919ู… ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุงุนุชู‚ุงู„ ุณุนุฏ ุฒุบู„ูˆู„
1919: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู†ุงุฏุดุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุญุงู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ ู„ุฑูุน ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ
1919: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฏุงุจ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ
1920: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ู‡ู†ุงู†ูˆ ุถุฏ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠูŠู†
1920: ุซูˆุฑุงุช ู„ูŠุจูŠุฉ ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠูŠู†
1920: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ู…ูˆุณู… ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ู…ูˆุณู‰ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒ ูˆุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงุณุชูุฒูˆุง ุงู„ุนุฑุจ
1920: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ
1921: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑูŠู ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุงูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุบุงุฑุจุฉ ุจู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ
1921: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ูŠุงูุง ูƒู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุงู†ุนู‚ุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ
1922: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุตุงู„ุญ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠ ููŠ ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุญู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุง
1923: ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠุจูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชูŠุทุงู† ุงู„ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠ
1925: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ 1925ู… ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ
1929: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู‚ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ
1935: ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ 1935 ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูŠู†
1936: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ 1936ู…
1946: ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูŠู†
1947: ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ ุชุทุงู„ุจ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ู„ุงู„ ู…ู† ูุฑู†ุณุง
1952: ุจุฏุก ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆู†ุณูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ.
1952: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 23 ูŠูˆู„ูŠูˆ 1952ู… ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุชุทูŠุญ ุจุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง
1953: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒ ูˆุงู„ุดุนุจ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ
1954: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆู„ ู†ูˆูู…ุจุฑ 1200 ู…ู‚ุงุชู„ ู…ุนู‡ู… 400 ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุณู„ุงุญ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
1958: ู…ูˆุฑูŠุชุงู†ูŠุง ุชุดูƒู„ ุญุฒุจ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุฑูŠุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆุชุชูˆุญุฏ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ูˆุชู†ุงู„ ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ู„ุงู„
1964: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู† ูˆุงู„ุงุทุงุญุฉ ุจู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุนุจูˆุฏ
1982: ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุงุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู†
1985: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงุจุฑูŠู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงุจุฑูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุทุงุญุช ุจุฌุนูุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ูŠุฑูŠ
1987: ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ (ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฌุงุฑุฉ)
1996: ู‡ุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ูู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ
2000: ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุชุญุฑุฑ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู„
2000: ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ (ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุตู‰)
2005: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฒ ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ุช ุงู„ูˆุตุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡
2010: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆู†ุณูŠุฉ (ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุฑุงู…ุฉ) ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ
2010: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ (ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ) ุงู†ู‡ุช ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฑุฆ
2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู† ูŠุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ูˆูŠุญู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู† ูˆูŠุฏูุน ู„ู„ุฅุตู„ุงุญ
2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุณู„ุทู†ุฉ ุนู…ุงู† ูŠุฏูุน ุจุฅุตู„ุงุญุงุช ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ
2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุนูˆุฏูŠุฉ ูŠุฏูุน ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑุงุช ุทููŠูุฉ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุจู„ุฏูŠุฉ ูˆุชุตูˆูŠุช ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ูˆุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุญุณูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ
2011: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 25 ูŠู†ุงูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุชุทูŠุญ ุจุญูƒู… ุญุณู†ูŠ ู…ุจุงุฑูƒ
2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠู† ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูุงูˆุถ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู…ุน ุดูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠู†
2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ู„ูŠุจูŠุง ูŠุทูŠุญ ุจุญูƒู… ู…ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฐุงููŠ
2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ูŠุณู‚ุท ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ูˆุฒุฑุงุก ูˆูŠุญู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู†
2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุตู„ุงุญุงุช ุฏุณุชูˆุฑูŠุฉ
2015: ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ (ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ)
2018: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฏูŠุณู…ุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู† ุชุฎู„ุน ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠ
2019: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 17 ุชุดุฑูŠู† ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุถุฏ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุทุงุฆููŠ ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุชุณู‚ุท ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ูˆุชุฏูุน ุจุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุจุฏูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ
2019: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุชุดุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠ ูˆุงู„ุจุทุงู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฑุงู†ูŠ ุชุณู‚ุท ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุนุงุฏู„ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุฏูŠ ูˆุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ู…ุจูƒุฑุฉ


  1. 1521: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุฑูƒ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุฎู„ูŠุฌ
  2. 1602: ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑุงู†ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠ
  3. 1608: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ุฑู…ุฒ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠูŠู†
  4. 1619: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ู‚ุฑูŠุงุช ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุณุงุญู„ ุนู…ุงู†
  5. 1624: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู…ุงู… ู†ุงุตุฑ ุจู† ู…ุฑุดุฏ ุงู„ูŠุนุฑุจูŠ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„ูŠูŠู†
  6. 1830: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงุญู…ุฏ ุจุงูŠ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
  7. 1832: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
  8. 1845: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงูˆู„ุงุฏ ุณูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
  9. 1854: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ูุงุทู…ุฉ ู†ุณูˆู…ุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
  10. 1864: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฑุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุญุฏุงุฏ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
  11. 1871: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุณู†ุทูŠู†ูŠ ู‚ุงุฏู‡ุง ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงุฆุฑูŠู† ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุจู† ููŠุงู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญุณูŠู† ุจู† ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ู‚ุจ ุจู€ู…ูˆู„ุงูŠ ุงู„ุดู‚ูุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฌูŠุฌู„
  12. 1881: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุจูˆุนู…ุงู…ุฉุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฌู‡ุงุฏ ุชุฒุนู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุจูˆุนู…ุงู…ุฉ ู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ู„ู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุช ู…ู† 1881 ุญุชู‰ 1908.
  13. 1881: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุงุจูŠุฉ 1881ู… ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ
  14. 1903: ู…ูˆุฑูŠุชุงู†ูŠุง ุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ
  15. 1911: ู‚ุชุงู„ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ู„ูŠุจูŠุง
  16. 1915: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฏูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุทุฑูˆุญ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ (ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุงุฏูŠ ู…ุงุฌุฏ)
  17. 1916: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ 1916ู… ุจู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠู ููŠุตู„ ุจู† ุงู„ุญุณูŠู†
  18. 1919: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 1919ู… ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุงุนุชู‚ุงู„ ุณุนุฏ ุฒุบู„ูˆู„
  19. 1919: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏู†ุงุฏุดุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุญุงู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ ู„ุฑูุน ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ
  20. 1919: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฏุงุจ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ
  21. 1920: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ู‡ู†ุงู†ูˆ ุถุฏ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠูŠู†
  22. 1920: ุซูˆุฑุงุช ู„ูŠุจูŠุฉ ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠูŠู†
  23. 1920: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ู…ูˆุณู… ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ู…ูˆุณู‰ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒ ูˆุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงุณุชูุฒูˆุง ุงู„ุนุฑุจ
  24. 1920: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ
  25. 1921: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑูŠู ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุงูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุบุงุฑุจุฉ ุจู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ
  26. 1921: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ูŠุงูุง ูƒู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุงู†ุนู‚ุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ
  27. 1922: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดูŠุฎ ุตุงู„ุญ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠ ููŠ ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุญู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุง
  28. 1923: ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠุจูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชูŠุทุงู† ุงู„ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠ
  29. 1925: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ 1925ู… ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ
  30. 1929: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู‚ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ
  31. 1935: ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ 1935 ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูŠู†
  32. 1936: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ 1936ู…
  33. 1946: ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูŠู†
  34. 1947: ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ ุชุทุงู„ุจ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ู„ุงู„ ู…ู† ูุฑู†ุณุง
  35. 1952: ุจุฏุก ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆู†ุณูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ.
  36. 1952: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 23 ูŠูˆู„ูŠูˆ 1952ู… ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุชุทูŠุญ ุจุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง
  37. 1953: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒ ูˆุงู„ุดุนุจ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ
  38. 1954: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆู„ ู†ูˆูู…ุจุฑ 1200 ู…ู‚ุงุชู„ ู…ุนู‡ู… 400 ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุณู„ุงุญ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
  39. 1958: ู…ูˆุฑูŠุชุงู†ูŠุง ุชุดูƒู„ ุญุฒุจ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุฑูŠุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆุชุชูˆุญุฏ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ูˆุชู†ุงู„ ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ู„ุงู„
  40. 1964: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู† ูˆุงู„ุงุทุงุญุฉ ุจู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุนุจูˆุฏ
  41. 1982: ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุงุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู†
  42. 1985: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงุจุฑูŠู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงุจุฑูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุทุงุญุช ุจุฌุนูุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ูŠุฑูŠ
  43. 1987: ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ (ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฌุงุฑุฉ)
  44. 1996: ู‡ุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ูู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ
  45. 2000: ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุชุญุฑุฑ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู„
  46. 2000: ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ (ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุตู‰)
  47. 2005: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฒ ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ุช ุงู„ูˆุตุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡
  48. 2010: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆู†ุณูŠุฉ (ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุฑุงู…ุฉ) ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ
  49. 2010: ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ (ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ) ุงู†ู‡ุช ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฑุฆ
  50. 2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู† ูŠุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ูˆูŠุญู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู† ูˆูŠุฏูุน ู„ู„ุฅุตู„ุงุญ
  51. 2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุณู„ุทู†ุฉ ุนู…ุงู† ูŠุฏูุน ุจุฅุตู„ุงุญุงุช ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ
  52. 2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุนูˆุฏูŠุฉ ูŠุฏูุน ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑุงุช ุทููŠูุฉ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุจู„ุฏูŠุฉ ูˆุชุตูˆูŠุช ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ูˆุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุญุณูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ
  53. 2011: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 25 ูŠู†ุงูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ ุชุทูŠุญ ุจุญูƒู… ุญุณู†ูŠ ู…ุจุงุฑูƒ
  54. 2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠู† ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูุงูˆุถ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ู…ุน ุดูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠู†
  55. 2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ู„ูŠุจูŠุง ูŠุทูŠุญ ุจุญูƒู… ู…ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฐุงููŠ
  56. 2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ูŠุณู‚ุท ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ูˆุฒุฑุงุก ูˆูŠุญู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู†
  57. 2011: ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุตู„ุงุญุงุช ุฏุณุชูˆุฑูŠุฉ
  58. 2015: ุงู„ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ (ุงู†ุชูุงุถุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณ)
  59. 2018: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฏูŠุณู…ุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู† ุชุฎู„ุน ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠ
  60. 2019: ุซูˆุฑุฉ 17 ุชุดุฑูŠู† ููŠ ู„ุจู†ุงู† ุถุฏ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุทุงุฆููŠ ูˆุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุชุณู‚ุท ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ูˆุชุฏูุน ุจุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุจุฏูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ
  61. 2019: ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุชุดุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠ ูˆุงู„ุจุทุงู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฑุงู†ูŠ ุชุณู‚ุท ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุนุงุฏู„ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุฏูŠ ูˆุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ู…ุจูƒุฑุฉ